Dyslexia and Dysgraphia Difficulty with Handwriting

Dyslexia and Dysgraphia are both neurological based learning disabilities. Both are often diagnosed in early elementary school but can be missed and not diagnosed until middle school, high school, adulthood or sometimes may never be diagnosed. Both are considered to be hereditary and are diagnosed through an evaluation which includes gathering information on developmental milestones, school performance and input from both parents and teachers. Symptoms of Dysgraphia Dyslexia creates problems in reading where dysgraphia, also known as written expression disorder, creates problems in writing. Although poor or illegible handwriting is one of the hallmark signs of dysgraphia, there is more to this learning disability than simply having bad handwriting. The National Center for Learning Disabilities indicates that writing difficulties can arise from visual-spatial difficulties and language processing difficulties, in other words how a child processes information through the eyes and ears. Some of the main symptoms of dysgraphia include: Difficulty holding or gripping a pen and pencilInconsistent spacing between letters, words, and sentencesUsing a mix of upper case and lower case letters and a mix of cursive and print writingSloppy, illegible writingTires easily when completing writing assignmentsOmitting letters or not finishing words when writingInconsistent or non-existent use of grammar Besides problems when writing, students with dysgraphia may have trouble organizing their thoughts or keeping track of the information they have already written down. They may work so hard on writing each letter that they miss the meaning of the words. Types of Dysgraphia Dysgraphia is a general term that encompasses several different types: Dyslexic dysgraphia: Normal fine-motor speed and students are able to draw or copy material but spontaneous writing is often illegible and spelling is poor. Motor dysgraphia: Impaired fine motor speed, problems with both spontaneous and copied writing, oral spelling is not impaired but spelling when writing can be poor. Spatial dysgraphia: Fine motor speed is normal but handwriting is illegible, whether copied or spontaneous. Students can spell when asked to do so orally but spelling is poor when writing. Treatment As with all learning disabilities, early recognition, diagnosis, and remediation help students overcome some of the difficulties associated with dysgraphia and is based on the specific difficulties of the individual student. While dyslexia is treated mainly through accommodations, modifications and specific instruction on phonemic awareness and phonics, treatment for dysgraphia may include occupational therapy to help build muscle strength and dexterity and to increase hand-eye coordination. This type of therapy can help improve handwriting or at least prevent it from continuing to worsen. In the younger grades, children benefit from intense instruction on the formation of letters and in learning the alphabet. Writing letters with eyes closed has also been found to be helpful. As with dyslexia, multisensory approaches to learning have been shown to help students, especially young students with letter formation. As children learn cursive writing, some find it easier to write in cursive because it solves the problem of inconsistent spaces between letters. Because cursive writing has fewer letters that can be reversed, such as /b/ and /d/, it is harder to mix up letters. Accommodations Some suggestions for teachers include: Using paper with raised lines to help students write more evenly and stay within the lines.Having the student use different pens/pencils with a variety of grips to find the one that is most comfortable for the studentAllow students to either print or use cursive, whichever is more comfortable for him.Provide your student with topics that are interesting and will emotionally engage him.Have your student write a first draft, without worrying about grammar or spelling. This lets the student focus on creating and storytelling. Teach spelling and grammar separately from writing.Help the student create an outline before beginning the actual writing. Work together with your student on the outline as he may have a hard time organizing his thoughts.Break large writing projects into shorter tasks. For example, if you have written an outline of the project, have the student focus on writing only one section of the outline at a time.If you must use timed assignments, do not count off for spellin g or neatness, as long as you understand what your student means.Create fun activities for writing, such as finding penpals in another school and writing letters, creating a post-office in your class and having students send each other postcards, or keeping a journal about a favorite topic or sports team. References: Dysgraphia Fact Sheet, 2000, Author Unknown, The International Dyslexia AssociationDyslexia and Dysgraphia: More than Written Language Difficulties in Common, 2003, David S. Mather, Journal of Learning Disabilities, Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 307-317

Gender Identification An Exploration Of The Transgender...

Gender Identification: An Exploration of the Transgender Group and Their Relationship in Society Gender identification and expression of transgender individuals has become controversial in America because of lack of knowledge and societal acculturation of this group. As society continues to connect gender identity with sexual identity, those who identify as transgender are forced to conform to the cultural norms of society or choose not to openly portray their gender expression. Although the media and the LGBT community has played a major role in raising awareness about transgender people, legislation and politics reflect inequality and bias. Assigning gender roles in a society leads to individuals not having equal rights and becoming†¦show more content†¦According to the National Transgender Discrimination Survey in 2014, over 50% or more transgender experienced family members choosing not to speak to them, being harassed or bullied at school, discrimination in the work place, and refusal of treatment form healthcare providers† (Anna P. Haas, 2014, p. 2). The tra nsgender community describes themselves as â€Å"many selves†, because they indeed are â€Å"human beings who navigate as leaders of the community, students, business owners, and activists (Erickson-Schroth, 2014, p. 4). This generalization is important for society to understand, so that gender presentation doesn’t become an individual’s one entity. The history of transgender discrimination can be dated back to the formation of the colonies in the United States. During colonization, gender systems were created to establish cultural gender roles based on an individual’s sex determined at birth. In 1620, was the first recorded person who identified as being transgender in the state of Virginia (Beemyn, 2013). This individual described himself as being both a man and a woman, wore both men and women clothing, and created a man and woman name for himself/herself. Physical examinations were taken of this individual, and no clear sex could be determined (Beemyn, 2013, p. 1). During thisShow MoreRelatedGender Identity And The Transgender Orientation1386 Words   |  6 Pagesthe behaviors are consistent with the gender assigned at birth, however; there are some children who are cross-gendered and show behaviors that are opposite to the sex assigned to them at birth (Pardo, 2008). 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Apple’s Strategies Since 1990 Free Essays

Apple Evaluate Apple’s strategies since 1990 and explain why Apple has been through difficult times. What made the â€Å"Apple turnaround† possible? After firing Steve Jobs, Apple has been trying to fit into many different markets. They started diversifying into many different areas and ended up with half a dozen products suitable for each area. We will write a custom essay sample on Apple’s Strategies Since 1990 or any similar topic only for you Order Now But this was not what made Apple famous. In 1986 they were seen as a rebellious company trying to be different to IBM and Microsoft. Steve Jobs had the idea no to anticipate the same path as other companies in the computer industry but to create a company which is unique. Unfortunately the CEO of Apple at that time didn’t share the same perspective and forced Jobs out of the company. Apple was not able to keep up with IBM and Microsoft who had a far greater market share. In the period of 1990-1997 Apple had 3 different CEOs, which is a statement for itself. The era of Sculley, Spindler and Amelio was not a successful one. A company as big as Apple shouldn’t have had the necessity to change the CEO every 2 years. In this period Apple was seen as one of the worst managed companies in the industry. Apple’s image of being a simplistic company was hurt through different product lines varying only a little in the technical specifications. John Sculley, Apple’s CEO from 1985 to 1993, attempted to gain market share through lower priced products, alliances with IBM and outsourcing most of the manufacturing in order to cut costs. When Spindler became CEO he decided to withdraw all alliances that Sculley has anticipated and started out licensing Apple’s OS to companies who would then be working on Mac clones. Amelio replaced Spindler due to the flat performance of Apple. Further restructurings were undertaken but unfortunately they all lead to nothing. Probably one of the best decisions that Apple pursued was the acquisition of Next and the return of Steve Jobs. One of the first measures, which were undertaken, is brining back the development in house. Jobs believed that it would be of far more benefit if Apple would develop Software, Hardware and Design all under one roof. The advantage was that everyone had a holistic idea of product development. This worked out very well and turned out to be one of the competitive advantages. Another important step, which made the ‘turnaround’ possible, was that Apple stopped outsourcing their Operating System. Steve Jobs was back, and Apple was in much greater shape than in any of the years without him. He demonstrated that he has learned from his mistakes through his willingness to co-operate with Microsoft allowing them to develop MS Office software for Macs. The first product, which was released after Steve Jobs’ arrival was the iMac in 1997. Many people at the company didn’t believe that this was going to be a success, but Steve Jobs proved everyone wrong. The iMac was a huge success and brought some market share back to Apple, but more importantly Apple gained the confidence and got back on the right track. During the development of the iMac, Steve Jobs decided to hang up the pirate flag. In one of his interviews he stated that ‘Apple forgot who Apple was’, and this marked the return of the rebellious company. How to cite Apple’s Strategies Since 1990, Essay examples